Dry Scalp

Dry scalp refers to a condition characterized by dryness, flaking, and itching of the skin on the scalp. It is a common problem that can affect people of all ages and can be temporary or chronic. While it may share some similarities with dandruff, a dry scalp is primarily caused by the loss of moisture from the scalp rather than an underlying fungal or inflammatory condition.

Several factors can contribute to dry scalp:

1. Environmental factors: Cold, dry weather or low humidity can strip the scalp of its natural oils, leading to dryness and flaking. Excessive exposure to heat, such as from central heating systems or hair styling tools, can also contribute to dryness.
2. Overwashing or improper hair care: Frequent washing with harsh shampoos, using hot water, or excessive use of hair products can strip the scalp of its natural oils, causing dryness. Similarly, not rinsing the hair and scalp properly can leave behind residues that contribute to dryness and flaking.
3. Age: As people age, the sebaceous glands produce fewer natural oils, resulting in drier skin, including the scalp.
4. Skin conditions: Certain skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis can affect the scalp and lead to dryness, itchiness, and flaking.
5. Health conditions: Dry scalp can also be a symptom of underlying health conditions such as hormonal imbalances, malnutrition, or autoimmune disorders.
6. Incorrect diet: A diet lacking essential nutrients, particularly those important for skin health, can contribute to dryness and other scalp issues.
7. Stress and emotional factors: High-stress levels or emotional disturbances can sometimes trigger or exacerbate dry scalp conditions.

It is worth noting that dry scalp and dandruff can have overlapping symptoms. Dandruff is often associated with an overgrowth of a fungus called Malassezia on the scalp, leading to increased cell turnover and flaking. If you are uncertain about your condition, it is advisable to consult a dermatologist for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

If presenting with any of the symptoms of psoriasis or eczema of the scalp, it is recommended to visit your GP or dermatologist. Usually, a visual inspection of the affected area is enough for a diagnosis. However, in some cases, a sample of the affected skin (usually a couple of loose flakes), may be taken for analysis. This will usually be to help identify the cause, which will aid in choosing the appropriate treatment.

Scalp Psoriasis

Psoriasis of the scalp is typically harder to treat than its eczema equivalent. Normally, a topical corticosteroid is used, which will help reduce the inflammation as well as slowing the growth of the offending skin cells. Examples of topical corticosteroids include;

Betnovate Scalp Application and Betacap Scalp Application.

Additional steps that can help manage flare-ups of scalp psoriasis include:

• Applying heavy creams or ointments that lock in water.
• Use lukewarm water when bathing to help the scalp retain its moisture.
• Avoid hair care products that contain alcohol or fragrance.
• Omega-3 has been linked to a reduction of inflammation, so a balanced diet that includes Omega-3 can help decrease the associated inflammation.
• Ensure you use your treatments as directed.
• Keeping the scalp moisturised is an important factor when managing scalp psoriasis. Ensuring the skin is lubricated will help prevent or reduce the dry, itchy skin experienced during a flare-up.

Eczema of the scalp

Treatments for eczema of the scalp can vary depending on the severity of the condition. Different people respond differently to medication, which means it may take a few attempts to find the right solution. In many cases, over-the-counter treatments for dandruff can be enough to improve flaking and soothe the itching. However, should these treatments prove ineffective, stronger prescription treatments are also available. These are usually in the form of a topical corticosteroid application, such as Betnovate Scalp.

For babies it is recommended to use mild baby shampoo, massaging it into the scalp using a very soft brush. It is important to be very gentle when using this technique, as breaking the skin can lead to infection. If this proves ineffective, or you have concerns about your baby’s scalp, it is advised to consult with your GP or dermatologist.

Dandruff

Mild cases of dandruff are easily treated using a range of over-the-counter products as well as self- care techniques. These include:

• Washing your hair daily, using a mild shampoo. Shampoos that contain tea tree oil are known to be particularly effective.
• Avoid scratching the scalp when applying shampoo. Instead, use a gentle massaging motion.
• Try not to use hair products, such as sprays or gels until after dandruff has cleared.

For cases where the dandruff is more severe, an anti-dandruff shampoo may be required. These treatments are available without prescription from most pharmacies and supermarkets. The most widely used formulations include:

• Zinc pyrithione – which works by killing the fungus that is thought to be partially responsible for causing dandruff.
• Selenium sulphide – which works to slow down the production of skin cells whilst also killing the fungi.
• Ketoconazole – which has a powerful antifungal action.
• Salicylic acid – works to soften and shed the dead skin cells on the scalp.
• Coal tar – like Selenium, coal tar helps to slow down the production of skin cells. The most popular coal tar shampoo is Alphosyl 2 in 1. Coal tar is combined with Salicylic acid and coconut oil in the popular treatment, Capasal Therapeutic Shampoo.
• Combination treatments: Cocois ointment contains coal tar, salicylic acid and sulfur for added effects.

Not every dandruff shampoo is suitable for everyone. For example, people with blonde or chemically treated hair should avoid using Selenium, as it can discolour the hair. Pregnancy and breastfeeding may also be a factor when choosing an anti-dandruff treatment, as certain types are not recommended as a precaution. If in doubt, speak to your pharmacist or GP for advice.

There are non-prescription treatments available for dry scalp such as:

• Nizoral shampoo
• Alphosyl 2in1 Shampoo
• Neutrogena T-Gel
• Selsun Shampoo